Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Research - a conversation

Host 1: Okay, so we're diving deep today

Host 2: Deep.

Host 1: into this research paper

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: all about AI

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: in pharmaceutical and healthcare research.

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: Basically,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: we're giving you the VIP tour

Host 2: Nice.

Host 1: of how AI is shaking things up

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: in medicine and drug development.

Host 2: Right.

Host 1: And get this,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: what's really interesting is just how widespread AI is becoming.

Host 2: Yeah, it really is.

Host 1: In healthcare.

Host 2: It's not

Host 1: We're not talking

Host 2: sci-fi fu-

Host 1: sci-fi future anymore.

Host 2: No.

Host 1: This is happening now.

Host 2: Right.

Host 1: AI is being used to

Host 2: to diagnose

Host 1: diagnose diseases,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: personalize treatment. It's even helping

Host 2: Uh-huh. Discover new drugs.

Host 1: discover new drugs. It's like AI is

Host 2: Infiltrating.

Host 1: infiltrating every corner

Host 2: Every corner of

Host 1: of healthcare.

Host 2: of healthcare.

Host 1: This paper goes into how AI is being used to diagnose

Host 2: Yeah. Right?

Host 1: everything.

Host 2: Different kinds

Host 1: From cancer and dementia

Host 2: Yep.

Host 1: to even

Host 2: Skin conditions.

Host 1: skin conditions.

Host 2: That's right.

Host 1: And the accuracy is

Host 2: mind-blowing.

Host 1: mind-blowing.

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: So basically, you've got algorithms

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: sifting through tons of medical images

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: and patient data,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: picking up on these subtle patterns

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: that humans might totally miss.

Host 2: Right, they fly under the radar.

Host 1: Fly under the radar

Host 2: For us humans.

Host 1: for us humans.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: It's like

Host 2: A second set

Host 1: a second set

Host 2: of super-powered eyes.

Host 1: of super-powered eyes

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: helping

Host 2: doctors. Make a diagnosis.

Host 1: make diagnoses.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: The paper gives us really interesting example

Host 2: Oh, yeah.

Host 1: of a rib

Host 2: Segmentation algorithm.

Host 1: segmentation algorithm

Host 2: That's right.

Host 1: that's used with x-rays

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: to diagnose lung diseases.

Host 2: Ooh, that's a tricky one.

Host 1: And that's a tricky one.

Host 2: Yeah, because ribs can overlap.

Host 1: They overlap.

Host 2: In the image, making it really difficult to analyze.

Host 1: Real headache to analyze.

Host 2: Yeah, a real headache.

Host 1: But this AI algorithm

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: can isolate the ribs, which could be so helpful

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: for early detection of something like

Host 2: Lung cancer.

Host 1: lung cancer.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: Catching it early

Host 2: Huge difference.

Host 1: can make a world of difference.

Host 2: It can.

Host 1: But it's not just about diagnosis, is it?

Host 2: No, it's not.

Host 1: AI is shaking things up in

Host 2: The treatment department?

Host 1: the treatment department, too.

Host 2: Yeah, absolutely.

Host 1: So what's the scoop there?

Host 2: So, picture this:

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: treatments tailored precisely to you.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: AI is making this a reality.

Host 1: Wow.

Host 2: Especially in areas like radiotherapy,

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: retina imaging,

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: and even managing chronic diseases.

Host 1: Okay, color me intrigued.

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: What are some of the ways that AI is being used

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: for personalized treatment?

Host 2: We'll take radiotherapy, for instance.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: AI can help map out treatments

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: with way more accuracy

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: and fewer errors.

Host 1: Fewer errors, that's reassuring.

Host 2: It is, yeah.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: And in retina imaging,

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: get this,

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: AI can pull out a crazy amount of information

Host 1: Mm.

Host 2: from just one photo.

Host 1: Hold up, just one photo?

Host 2: One photo.

Host 1: That's wild.

Host 2: Of your retina.

Host 1: Of your retina?

Host 2: That's right.

Host 1: What kind of information can they get from that?

Host 2: So eye doctors could potentially spot early signs

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: of conditions like diabetes or hypertension.

Host 1: Wow.

Host 2: All from analyzing a single retinal image.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: We're talking about revolutionizing how eye conditions

Host 1: Wow.

Host 2: are diagnosed and treated.

Host 1: So AI is like this

Host 2: multi-tasking

Host 1: medical multitasker,

Host 2: Totally.

Host 1: tackling both diagnosis and treatment.

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: But this paper also mentions that AI is speeding up drug development,

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: which has always been this

Host 2: A notoriously long

Host 1: long and expensive

Host 2: and expensive

Host 1: process.

Host 2: So how is AI changing that game?

Host 1: That's another area where AI is really shining.

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: There are two main ways

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: it's tackling this challenge.

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: First, it's being used to predict

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: the bioactivity and toxicity.

Host 2: Okay, break that down for me.

Host 1: What does that even mean?

Host 2: So basically,

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: imagine AI helping us figure out how effective

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: a drug might be

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: against a specific disease

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: and whether it's going to have any bad side effects.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: It's like having a crystal ball.

Host 1: So AI is helping us weed out

Host 2: the duds.

Host 1: the duds,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: and focus on the drugs

Host 2: With real potential.

Host 1: that have real potential.

Host 2: Right.

Host 1: So there's this algorithm

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: mentioned in the paper,

Host 2: There is.

Host 1: called DeepTox,

Host 2: DeepTox.

Host 1: that actually outperformed all other methods

Host 2: It did.

Host 1: in a toxicity prediction challenge.

Host 2: That's right.

Host 1: DeepTox, huh?

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: Sounds impressive.

Host 2: It is impressive.

Host 1: What kind of impact could this have?

Host 2: Think about all the time and money saved

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: by avoiding dead-end drug candidates.

Host 1: That's huge!

Host 2: Plus, we could potentially avoid harmful side effects

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: down the line.

Host 1: It sounds like AI is really shaking things up

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: on the drug discovery front.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: But wait, you mentioned there were two ways.

Host 2: Two ways, that's right.

Host 1: That AI is revolutionizing

Host 2: Yes, re-

Host 1: drug development.

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: What's the second one?

Host 2: The second way AI is making waves

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: is by streamlining clinical trials.

Host 1: Okay, and clinical trials are

Host 2: They are infamous.

Host 1: Infamous for being super complex and expensive.

Host 2: And expensive.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: They are a major bottleneck

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: in the process.

Host 1: They are.

Host 2: But AI is tackling some of the biggest pain points

Host 1: Mm-hmm.

Host 2: head-on.

Host 1: So AI is stepping in to make clinical trials

Host 2: More efficient.

Host 1: more efficient.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: So AI can help find suitable participants

Host 2: Way faster.

Host 1: much faster

Host 2: By analyzing electronic medical records

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: and matching them with

Host 1: the specific criteria.

Host 2: the specific criteria.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: It can also monitor patient data

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: in real time using wearable technology,

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: making the whole monitoring process

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: more efficient and less intrusive.

Host 1: I can definitely see how that would

Host 2: Speed things up.

Host 1: speed things up. But how does AI help with analyzing the results?

Host 2: It can.

Host 1: Because isn't that usually done by

Host 2: teams of scientists.

Host 1: teams of scientists?

Host 2: It is, but AI can lend a hand there, too.

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: It can analyze medical images

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: to spot things like disease progression

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: or how well a treatment is working.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: And it can often do it

Host 1: Faster.

Host 2: faster and more accurately than humans.

Host 1: So AI is like the ultimate

Host 2: clinical trial assistant.

Host 1: clinical trial assistant,

Host 2: Pretty sound.

Host 1: helping out at every stage.

Host 2: At every stage of the process.

Host 1: of the process.

Host 2: That's pretty remarkable.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: But the paper doesn't stop there.

Host 1: No.

Host 2: It also talks about

Host 1: It does.

Host 2: how AI is being used to predict epidemics and pandemics.

Host 1: Right. A topic

Host 2: That's a topic that's been

Host 1: on everyone's mind.

Host 2: on everyone's mind lately.

Host 1: It has.

Host 2: AI is emerging as

Host 1: a powerful tool.

Host 2: a powerful tool in that fight.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: AI models can analyze a ton of data

Host 1: From different sources.

Host 2: From different sources,

Host 1: Like social media, news reports,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: even weather patterns.

Host 2: Wow. To predict where and how

Host 1: So it's kind of like

Host 2: those weather forecasting models.

Host 1: those weather forecasting models, but for disease outbreaks.

Host 2: Yeah. But for disease outbreaks.

Host 1: So AI was being used during the COVID-19 pandemic

Host 2: It was.

Host 1: to track and predict the spread.

Host 2: It was a valuable tool

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: for informing decision-making.

Host 1: That makes sense.

Host 2: Models were developed to predict

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: the number of cases and hospitalizations.

Host 1: Right. Having accurate predictions could be so crucial

Host 2: Absolutely.

Host 1: in a pandemic.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: The paper also mentions this thing called

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: machine learning

Host 2: anonymized mobility map.

Host 1: Anonymized mobility map.

Host 2: That's a mouthful.

Host 1: That was used to forecast influenza

Host 2: Yes.

Host 1: in Australia and the USA?

Host 2: In Australia and the USA.

Host 1: What exactly is that?

Host 2: Think of it as a map that shows

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: how people are moving around,

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: but all the data is anonymized

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: to protect privacy.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: This AMM uses data from smartphones

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: to track those movement patterns,

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: which can then be used to predict

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: how the flu might spread geographically.

Host 1: So by understanding how people move,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: AI can get a better idea

Host 2: That's right.

Host 1: of where and when

Host 2: flu outbreaks

Host 1: flu outbreaks might pop up.

Host 2: might pop up.

Host 1: That's amazing.

Host 2: This kind of forecasting could be crucial

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: for putting early interventions in place

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: and preventing those outbreaks

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: from turning into

Host 1: widespread epidemics.

Host 2: widespread epidemics, yeah.

Host 1: It's like having an early warning system

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: for the flu?

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: That's incredible.

Host 2: Yeah. Mind-blowing stuff, right?

Host 1: Totally, but no technology

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: is perfect.

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: So what are some of the challenges?

Host 2: Well, one of the big ones is data dependency.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: AI algorithms are like hungry learners.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: They need mountains of high-quality data

Host 1: Uh.

Host 2: to really get smart and effective.

Host 1: That makes sense, but getting that kind of data

Host 2: It is tricky, yeah.

Host 1: in healthcare

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: must be tricky, right? Because patient privacy

Host 2: Absolutely.

Host 1: is a huge deal.

Host 2: Huge deal.

Host 1: So how do researchers deal with that?

Host 2: Well, there are strict rules

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: about how patient data can be used.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: And for good reason.

Host 1: Of course.

Host 2: So researchers and developers are constantly trying to find ways

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: to access and use this data responsibly

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: while still keeping patient privacy top of mind.

Host 1: It's a delicate balance.

Host 2: It is. It's a real tightrope walk.

Host 1: The paper also mentions challenges

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: with implementation.

Host 2: Implementation, uh-huh.

Host 1: Getting AI integrated into

Host 2: Healthcare systems.

Host 1: healthcare systems that are already

Host 2: In place.

Host 1: in place.

Host 2: It's complicated.

Host 1: Must be pretty complicated.

Host 2: Think about it.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: Hospitals and clinics already have

Host 1: their set ways of doing things.

Host 2: their set ways of doing things,

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: their workflows,

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: and their systems are pretty established.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: So trying to weave AI technologies into that fabric

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: takes time, effort,

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: and let's be real, money.

Host 1: Money. Yeah, change is never easy, especially in a field as complex as healthcare.

Host 2: As healthcare, yeah.

Host 1: And then there's the issue of explainability,

Host 2: Explainability.

Host 1: which we touched on earlier.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: How do we know

Host 2: How do we know

Host 1: what's going on inside

Host 2: that black box?

Host 1: the black box of AI

Host 2: AI algorithms.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: How do we know why

Host 1: why they're making the decisions they're making?

Host 2: They're making the decisions they're making.

Host 1: That's the million-dollar question.

Host 2: So if AI is going to play a role

Host 1: In diagnosis and treatment?

Host 2: in diagnosis and treatment,

Host 1: Uh-huh. We need to be able to trust its reasoning.

Host 2: we need to understand

Host 1: We need to understand

Host 2: how it arrived at a particular

Host 1: diagnosis

Host 2: diagnosis

Host 1: or treatment

Host 2: recommendation.

Host 1: That's right.

Host 2: Right, it's not enough to just know

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: that the AI came up with an answer.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: You need to understand

Host 1: the why behind it.

Host 2: the why behind it.

Host 1: That's right.

Host 2: Is that something that researchers

Host 1: They're a bit higher.

Host 2: making progress on?

Host 1: There's a lot of work being done

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: to make AI more transparent

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: and interpretable.

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: Scientists are developing new methods

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: that allow us to peek inside the black box

Host 2: Right.

Host 1: and understand the logic

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: behind those AI decisions.

Host 2: So it's all about building trust.

Host 1: Building trust, yeah.

Host 2: And ensuring that AI is used respons- responsibly in healthcare.

Host 1: In healthcare.

Host 2: It sounds like the key is making sure that AI

Host 1: enhances

Host 2: enhances human intelligence and expertise,

Host 1: That's that's right.

Host 2: not replaces it.

Host 1: I couldn't agree more.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: The real magic happens

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: when AI and human intelligence work together,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: when they complement each other.

Host 2: So it's all about collaboration.

Host 1: Collaboration. Not replacement.

Host 2: Not replacement. It's about using AI to empower

Host 1: doctors and patients.

Host 2: doctors and patients,

Host 1: Giving them better tools and insights

Host 2: Right.

Host 1: to make informed decisions.

Host 2: Okay, so let's zoom out for a second.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: And think about the average person.

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: Where does all this AI stuff fit in

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: to our healthcare journey?

Host 1: That's the question. What does it actually mean for us?

Host 2: Honestly, it's something for all of us to think about.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: We're talking about AI potentially changing the entire healthcare landscape.

Host 1: Right. Yeah.

Host 2: Faster, more accurate diagnoses,

Host 1: Wow.

Host 2: treatments designed specifically for you,

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: and maybe even preventing pandemics

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: before they even start.

Host 1: It's pretty mind-blowing

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: when you think about it.

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: But with all this talk of AI revolutionizing healthcare,

Host 2: Uh-huh.

Host 1: Uh-huh. I have to ask,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: are there any downsides?

Host 2: That's a great question.

Host 1: Are there any potential risks?

Host 2: And it's one we can't shy away from.

Host 1: Okay.

Host 2: Like any powerful tool,

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: AI can be misused.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: We need to make sure it's developed and used responsibly,

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: with fairness and equity

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: at the forefront.

Host 1: So it's not just about the technology itself, but also about the ethical considerations

Host 2: Right. Yeah. Ethical considerations.

Host 1: surrounding how we use it?

Host 2: Exactly. We need to have those open and honest conversations about the potential benefits and risks

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: of AI in healthcare.

Host 1: Right, and we need to make sure

Host 2: And we need to make sure

Host 1: that access to these incredible technologies

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: is equitable.

Host 2: Equitable, yeah.

Host 1: That they benefit everyone.

Host 2: Everyone.

Host 1: Not just a select few.

Host 2: Not just a select few, that's right.

Host 1: It's about ensuring that AI serves humanity,

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: not the other way around.

Host 2: That's a powerful statement.

Host 1: It sounds like we're on the verge of

Host 2: A healthcare revolution.

Host 1: a healthcare revolution,

Host 2: and AI is right at the center of it all.

Host 1: and AI is right at the center of it all.

Host 2: It's a truly transformative time.

Host 1: It is.

Host 2: And the pace of change is just incredible.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: What we've discussed today

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: is really just a glimpse

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: of what's already happening.

Host 1: It's almost hard to fathom.

Host 2: I know.

Host 1: But in a good way.

Host 2: But in a good way.

Host 1: It's exciting to think about all the possibilities

Host 2: It is exciting.

Host 1: that AI might unlock in healthcare.

Host 2: But we have to acknowledge the potential anxieties, too.

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: We need to be prepared

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: for the societal shifts

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: that these advancements might bring.

Host 1: You're right, we can't just blindly embrace new technology

Host 2: No.

Host 1: without considering

Host 2: the potential con-

Host 1: potential consequences. It's a balancing act.

Host 2: Right. It is.

Host 1: We need to be thoughtful and deliberate

Host 2: Absolutely.

Host 1: about how we integrate AI

Host 2: Into healthcare.

Host 1: into healthcare.

Host 2: I think that's a perfect way to put it.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: AI has the potential to make our lives better

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: in so many ways,

Host 1: Uh-huh.

Host 2: but it's up to us

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: to make sure that happens

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: responsibly and ethically.

Host 1: So with all this potential,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: what role do you think AI will play

Host 2: in your healthcare journey in the future?

Host 1: It's something for all of us to ponder. It is a lot to wrap your head around.

Host 2: It is, it really is.

Host 1: Like we're standing at the edge of this

Host 2: Huge shift.

Host 1: huge shift in healthcare.

Host 2: And AI is leading the charge.

Host 1: AI is right at the center of it all.

Host 2: It's a remarkable time.

Host 1: And it's all happening so fast.

Host 2: It is, it really is.

Host 1: What we've explored today

Host 2: is just the tip of the iceberg.

Host 1: It's the tip of the iceberg!

Host 2: Think about what healthcare could look like

Host 1: I know.

Host 2: in the next decade or two.

Host 1: It's exhilarating and a bit daunting,

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: all at the same time.

Host 2: All with this incredible wave of innovation.

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: But we need to be ready for it.

Host 1: We need to be thinking about the ripple effects.

Host 2: The ripple effects.

Host 1: Not just in medicine,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: but in our lives.

Host 2: In our lives as a whole.

Host 1: As a whole.

Host 2: As we navigate this new landscape

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: of AI-driven healthcare.

Host 1: We need to ask ourselves some tough questions.

Host 2: We do.

Host 1: How do we ensure equitable access

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: to these advancements?

Host 2: How do we maintain

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: patient privacy in an age of increasingly sophisticated

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: data analysis?

Host 1: These aren't easy questions.

Host 2: Not easy questions.

Host 1: But they're crucial.

Host 2: They're crucial to consider.

Host 1: To consider.

Host 2: Absolutely.

Host 1: And it's not just about finding the right answers. It's about

Host 2: That perhaps finding Yeah. It's about having those conversations

Host 1: Yeah.

Host 2: openly and honestly.

Host 1: Openly and honestly.

Host 2: Involving everyone

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: in the discussion.

Host 1: Doctors, patients, researchers,

Host 2: Doctors, patients, researchers,

Host 1: policymakers. We all need to be

Host 2: We all need to be a part of this.

Host 1: part of shaping the future.

Host 2: Shaping the future.

Host 1: Of AI

Host 2: in healthcare.

Host 1: in healthcare.

Host 2: I couldn't agree more.

Host 1: The future isn't something that just happens to us.

Host 2: No, it's not. It's something we actively create.

Host 1: It's It's we Actively create it.

Host 2: And the choices we make today about AI

Host 1: Right.

Host 2: will have a profound impact

Host 1: on the kind of healthcare system

Host 2: that we build for tomorrow.

Host 1: we build for tomorrow.

Host 2: That's right.

Host 1: So as we wrap up this deep dive,

Host 2: Okay.

Host 1: I want to leave you with this thought.

Host 2: Right.

Host 1: With all the potential benefits and challenges

Host 2: We've discussed.

Host 1: we've discussed,

Host 2: Yeah.

Host 1: what role do you envision AI playing

Host 2: in your own healthcare journey

Host 1: in your own healthcare journey in the years to come?

Host 2: That's a great question.

Host 1: It's a question worth pondering,

Host 2: It is.

Host 1: and one that I hope will spark

Host 2: some insightful conversations.

Host 1: some insightful conversations.

Host 2: For sure.

Host 1: Thanks for joining us on this exploration

Host 2: Yeah, this has been great.

Host 1: of AI in healthcare.